In reference to a man, mafiusu in 19th-century Sicily was ambiguous, signifying a bully, arrogant but also fearless, enterprising and proud, according to scholar Diego Gambetta. The Sicilian noun mafiusu (in Italian: mafioso) roughly translates to mean " swagger", but can also be translated as "boldness, bravado". These diaspora based outfits replicated the traditions and methods of their Sicilian ancestors to varying extents. By the 20th century, wide-scale emigration from Sicily facilitated the formation of mafiosi style gangs in Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States and South America. Its members call themselves " men of honour", although the public often refers to them as mafiosi. Each family claims sovereignty over a territory, usually a town, village or neighbourhood ( borgata) of a larger city, in which it operates its rackets. The basic group is known as a " family", "clan", or cosca. The Mafia's core activities are protection racketeering, the arbitration of disputes between criminals, and the organizing and oversight of illegal agreements and transactions. It is an association of gangs which sell their protection and arbitration services under a common brand. The Sicilian Mafia or Cosa Nostra ( Italian:, Sicilian: "our thing" ), also referred to as simply Mafia, is a criminal society operating on the island of Sicily since the 19th century. Protection racketeering, extortion, vote buying, narcotrafficking, bid rigging, loan sharking, kidnapping and murder. Mostly western Sicily, particularly Palermo, Trapani, and Agrigento For other uses, see Mafia (disambiguation).
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